THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER FORMULAS

Here’s a formula sheet for Thermal Properties of Matter:

1. Temperature & Heat

• Temperature Conversion:
  • C=59(F−32)C=95​(F−32)
  • F=95C+32F=59​C+32
  • K=C+273.15K=C+273.15
• Heat Energy:Q=mcΔTQ=mcΔTwhere:
  QQ = heat energy (J)
  mm = mass (kg)
  cc = specific heat capacity (J/kg·K)
  ΔTΔT = change in temperature (K or °C)

2. Thermal Expansion

• Linear Expansion:ΔL=αL0ΔTΔL=αL0​ΔT
• Area Expansion:ΔA=βA0ΔTΔA=βA0​ΔT
• Volume Expansion:ΔV=γV0ΔTΔV=γV0​ΔT where:
  αα = coefficient of linear expansion
  β=2αβ=2α (coefficient of area expansion)
  γ=3αγ=3α (coefficient of volume expansion)

3. Calorimetry & Latent Heat

• Principle of Calorimetry:Heat lost=Heat gainedHeat lost=Heat gained
• Latent Heat Formula:Q=mLQ=mL where:
  LL = latent heat (J/kg)

4. Heat Transfer

• Conduction (Fourier’s Law):Q=kAΔTdtQ=dkAΔT​twhere:
  kk = thermal conductivity
  dd = thickness of the material
• Convection:
  Q∝ΔTQ∝ΔT (Newton’s Law of Cooling)dTdt=−k(T−T∞)dtdT​=−k(T−T∞​)
• Radiation (Stefan-Boltzmann Law):P=σeAT4P=σeAT4where:
  σ=5.67×10−8σ=5.67×10−8 W/m²K⁴ (Stefan-Boltzmann constant)
  ee = emissivity
• Newton’s Law of Cooling:T=T∞+(T0−T∞)e−ktT=T∞​+(T0​−T∞​)e−kt