1. Levels of Organisation Animals show different levels of structural organization: 2. Symmetry Symmetry is the arrangement of body parts: 3. Germ Layers (Embryonic Layers) Animals form different numbers of germ layers during embryogenesis: 4. Body Cavity (Coelom) Coelom is the body cavity between the body wall and gut wall: 5. Segmentation Body division into […]
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Types of Ecosystem Ecosystem: Structure and Function Basic Components of Ecosystem: 1. Productivity Type Occurs In Formula / Definition Availability to GPP Producers Total energy fixed during photosynthesis Not directly available NPP Producers GPP – Respiration Available to consumers Secondary Productivity Consumers Biomass formed from eating producers/consumers Consumer biomass NEP Whole ecosystem GPP – All
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1. Biological Organisation 2. Organism and Its Environment 3. Major Abiotic Factors a. Temperature b. Water c. Light d. Soil 4. Responses to Abiotic Factors Organisms deal with abiotic factors in 4 ways: a. Regulate b. Conform c. Migrate d. Suspend 5. Adaptations a. What is Adaptation? b. Allen’s Rule c. Altitude Sickness d. Adaptations
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1. Origin of Life 1.1 Origin of Universe 1.2 Conditions of Early Earth 1.3 Theory of Panspermia 1.4 Theory of Spontaneous Generation 2. Louis Pasteur’s Experiment 3. Theory of Chemical Origin of Life 3.1 Oparin-Haldane Theory of Origin of Life 3.2 Urey and Miller Experiment 4. Evolution of Life Forms – A Theory 4.1 Natural
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DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the hereditary material in most organisms. It carries genetic instructions for growth, development, and reproduction. DNA is found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells. Structurally, DNA is a double-helix molecule composed of two long strands of nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of three components:
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1. Biotechnology Applications in Agriculture Biotechnology plays a significant role in agriculture by enhancing crop productivity, developing pest-resistant plants, and improving food quality. Through genetic engineering, specific genes are introduced into plants to enhance their desirable traits. This process allows the development of genetically modified (GM) crops, which offer improved yield, resistance to pests and
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✅ Definitions of Key Terms: 🌿 Mendelism – The Foundation of Genetics Mendelism refers to the principles of heredity formulated by Gregor Johann Mendel, based on his experiments on pea plants (Pisum sativum). His work laid the foundation for modern genetics. Mendel’s Experimental Design: 🔍 Mendel’s Experiments and Results ⚖️ Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance Mendel formulated three fundamental laws based on his
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1. Male Reproductive System: Overview The male reproductive system consists of primary and accessory organs responsible for producing, storing, and transporting sperm. It also plays a role in hormone secretion, particularly testosterone, which regulates secondary sexual characteristics. The primary sex organs are the testes, which produce sperm and hormones. The accessory organs include the duct
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🌿 Introduction to Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Sexual reproduction in flowering plants (angiosperms) involves the formation and fusion of male and female gametes, leading to the production of seeds and fruits. It is a complex process involving multiple events: pre-fertilization (gametogenesis and pollination), fertilization (syngamy and triple fusion), and post-fertilization (seed and fruit formation).
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✅ Table of Contents ✅ 1. Introduction to Biotechnology Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary field that utilizes biological systems, living organisms, or their derivatives to develop products and technologies. It integrates concepts from biology, chemistry, and engineering to develop useful applications. Historical Background Branches of Biotechnology ✅ 2. Principles of Biotechnology (i) Genetic Engineering Genetic engineering
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